Week 7 Assignment Busn 420 Essay Example for Free

Week 7 Assignment Busn 420 Essay Since this class will be a piece of my major and all the perusing and the idea of business law, it will be useful for my major also. In this 7 weeks I have found out about agreements, verbal, gadgets and some others that I know will be a piece of my consistently undertakings, likewise at the interim where to go or to do at a particular town hall as well. The information that I got since taking this class and the way Im going to investigate the lawful part of my vocation. Additionally the distinctions in how each states have they own business law (courts) and how to apply for them as well. Like precedent-based law that I never found out about this law and what comprise to business, in my own I committed a ton of errors before in light of the fact that I didn’t realize what I think now about how or which kind of business should I have or where to go, the distinction among partnerships or in what direction I could be influenced on the off chance that anything occurs. How organizations will influence the relations with my accomplices uniquely in the event that they are individuals from my family or companions. I for one had a LLC Corporation and to reveal to you the genuine I didnt know the importance or the benefit of having a LLC Corporation as I do now, I realize that the means that I have to do now on the off chance that I might want to have or open another partnership and all due to this class. This time I realize I wont commit similar errors I made in the pass, uncommonly marking agreement or consent to something I dont know, and figure out how to recognize cures accessible as per each states as well, for instance UCC SALE OF GOODS and to ensure the agreement is legitimate or had been made by the law or with ARTICLE 2 SALES OF THE UCC. This information that I acquired in this class its creation me a superior expert businessperson, I will deal with and perform better in any position the executives, additionally knowing and managing everything this class figured me I will challenge anything, by comprehend what to do or where to go(courts) that manage any legitimate issue (business law) Im prepared. Much appreciated.

Managing Organisational design and change Essay

Overseeing Organizational structure and change - Essay Example The essential target of an association is to satisfy the normal goal of concerned individuals. It is exceptionally vital substance for society that gathered individual endeavors and execute these exertion for meeting its essential point. For instance, business associations have various capacities like monetary capacities, promoting capacities, human asset capacities and operational capacities and so forth (Hoffmann et al, 2008, p.39). Associations are made out of different HR who cooperate for a typical goal. The administration is the most critical factor, since it is answerable for guaranteeing the prosperity of HR and thusly quickening the development of the association. The creation of association changes as indicated by its sort and nature. The supervisory groups are answerable for building up an association. These supervisory groups are separated according to the necessity and each group takes care of a specific zone. For instance, record and money division deals with budgetary action and human asset office deals with the representative related exercises. In this procedure, legitimate authority and important administration style decides the productivity level of the association. The essential for sorting out an association, three variables are significant. These are the constitution, the executives council and staffs and volunteers (Object, n.d.). The reason for making association fluctuates as per the goal of its kin. Thusly, association structure and type varies. They can be sorted as benefit making or non-benefit making; legislative and non-administrative associations. For instance, the benefit making associations are the business associations and its essential goal is to build its shareholders’ riches. While, the non-benefit making associations work for a social reason. One of the essential explanations behind these distinctions, expressed above, is the goal

Conflict During the Stages of Psychosocial Development

Conflict During the Stages of Psychosocial Development Student Resources Print Conflict During the Stages of Psychosocial Development The 8 Stages We All Go Through According to Erik Erikson By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by on January 27, 2020 Psychosocial Development Overview Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority Identity vs. Confusion Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. Stagnation Integrity vs. Despair BSIP/UIG / Universal Images Group / Getty Images Throughout our lifetimes, we all go through specific stages of psychosocial development that can contribute or impede our happiness and emotional and psychological health. So goes a theory set forth by Erik Erikson, an American psychologist and psychoanalyst who was born in Germany in 1902. Erikson died in 1994, leaving behind not only his eight-stage theory of psychological development but also the term identity crisis. At each stage of psychosocial development, each of us faces a specific conflict, Erikson proposed. Heres a brief look at these stages, the conflict that defines each one, and how its likely to help shape mental health. Stage 1 Trust versus mistrust. In the earliest stages of childhood, were faced with the question of who in our lives we can count on to care for us and who we cant. Children who learn that they can trust and depend on parents and other caregivers emerge from the first stage of psychosocial development with a sense of security and safety. Those who arent able to trust their caregivers may be left with the feeling that the world is unreliable. Stage 2 Autonomy versus shame and doubt. As children become increasingly independent, being given the opportunity to be self-reliantâ€"in other words, to not have to depend on others for everythingâ€"are likely to develop a strong sense of independence and autonomy. When parents and caregivers do everything for a child, she may be left feeling ashamed or doubtful of her abilities. Stage 3 Initiative versus guilt. When kids are allowed to engage in self-directed activities and play, they learn how to take the initiative for their own growth and development. Children who successfully resolve this conflict develop a sense of purpose, while those who do not manage this conflict well may be left with feelings of guilt. Stage 4 Industry versus inferiority. School and peers play a major role in the outcome of this conflict. Kids who get along well with other kids their age and who do well in school will emerge from this stage feeling competent. Those who arent able to successfully navigate social interactions and academic challenges may end up feeling inferior and lack self-confidence. Stage 5 Identity and role confusion. This stage of psychosocial development occurs during the teen years when kids begin to explore new roles as they approach adulthood. Handling this conflict well leads to a strong sense of personal identity. Those who struggle at this stage may be left feeling confused about who they are and what they want to do with their lives. Stage 6 Intimacy versus isolation. Forming strong bonds with other people, particularly romantic attachments, plays a vital role in resolving this conflict of early adulthood. Those who succeed are able to develop strong and lasting relationships while those who fail can end up feeling isolated and lonely. Stage 7 Generativity versus stagnation. People want to feel theyve contributed something to the world, and so successfully navigating this conflict involves accomplishments like raising a family, succeeding at work, and volunteering in the community. During this stage of middle adulthood, people who arent able to do this often feel disconnected from the rest of the world. Stage 8 Integrity versus despair. During this last stage of Eriksons theory of psychosocial development, older people looking back on their lives who feel satisfied with all theyve experienced and accomplished will emerge with a sense of wisdom and satisfaction. Those who have regrets and who arent able to recognize their successes or appreciate the richness of the lives theyve lived may end up feeling bitter.

Casablancas Metaphorical Representations of World War II

Watching different films during the World War II era gives an idea of how those times really were. Different types of films give you a different view on how people lived their lives during the war. Warner Brothers Studios’ 1942 film Casablanca is a metaphorical representation of World War II. The characters in the film represent the attitudes of different people throughout the time period. One character who is extremely representational is Rick Blaine, who portrays America’s involvement in the World War. The film Casablanca attempts to promote the war in the sense of making Americans realize their responsibilities to honor America through patriotism and to uphold their reputation of the freedom country. A scene that perfectly shows patriotism is when the Germans start to sing their national anthem and then Rick has the band start up and the French start to sing their national anthem, overpowering the German group and stating their love and dedication for their country. This scene portrays Casablanca to begin as a pro-war movie. It shows the power and fight back of the French. In the film, America’s involvement of the war is represented by the character Rick Blaine. Rick is described as being completely neutral and he â€Å"Sticks his head out for nobody†. He also comes off as being ignorant, selfish, cocky, and stubborn, all characteristics dealing with America’s attitude at the beginning of the war. He makes a point of not being involved with politics. When a man is being

The Role Of Culture And International Marketing - 2059 Words

â€Å"As no two cultures or two individuals are quite alike, the cultural differences and potential incompatibilities that the interactants bring to a specific encounter can add complexity to the counseling experience.†.which is said by Carmella H. Woll(1996). As is widely known that the culture play a very important role in people’s lives, such as that the way of thinking and doing are all related to the culture. According to what Hofstede found that the different culture and social background will make people’s behavior and thinking mode be different. It is illustrated that the marketing is a societal process,which means that the individuals and groups in different countries gain the things what they need and want through the methods of freely exchanging products and services of value with each other (Ringold and Weitz, 2007).As a result, a company that want to enter in a foreign market must be emphasis on the native culture. This essay will discuss what role c ulture plays in the international market. 2.Definition of Culture and international marketing It is noted by Hans Kjetil Lysgard(2012) that the definition of culture are highly contested in the public debate. It is known that culture is a wide concept. Some cultures are formed though a long time, such as some ancient civilization. Different life experience came down generation after generation. This is one of the methods how the cultures formed. Different religions are also have its own culture. It is known that a cultureShow MoreRelatedEssay on Model questions for Global Marketing1523 Words   |  7 Pagesquestions for Global Marketing Outline and discuss the principal causal factors that encourage firms to undertake the international marketing of their products and services. Cultural and political forces influence international marketing activity. 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As technology creates leaps in communication and transportation, the world continues to feel smaller and smaller. It is not that hard for companies and consumers to conduct business in almost any country around the world thanks to advances in international trade, andRead MoreCultural Influences of Consumer Behavior Essay examples1291 Words   |  6 PagesBehavior Understanding consumer buying behavior entails marketing, relationships, and consumer behavior. Consumer behavior comprises all the consumer decisions and activities connected with the choosing, buying, using and disposing of goods and services. Marketers must pay very close attention to consumer behavior that occurs before the purchase and after the particular product has been used. Studying consumer habits is one of the steps in marketing search and analysis. 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Therefore, it discusses the following: †¢ Key issues in cross-cultural marketing communication which shows identifying the cultural factors to support marketing communication in the proposed markets and pre-requisites for cross-cultural communication. †¢ Culture-related barriers to marketing and how to approach this issue in order to achieve success in international markets. †¢ Effects of culture on international marketing communication and the needRead MoreThe Roles of Culture, Subculture, and Social Class in Consumer Behavior1215 Words   |  5 PagesPrinciples of Marketing The Roles of Culture, Subculture and Social Class in Consumer Behavior Introduction The depth and variety of global expansion strategies today is accelerating rapidly as companies historically who have been highly effective in marketing, selling and service look to new nations to continue growing sales and profits. 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Global approaches are not always relevant to firms in the Asia-Pacific apart from alerting them to the nature of the international competitive environment in which they are likely to operate. A global approach is not an operating strategy for Indigenous small and medium scale exporters (SMEs) and is only partially appropriate for local subsidiaries ofRead MoreHarley Davidson Case Analysis1201 Words   |  5 Pagesfollow up with any/all changes in the structure. 3. Is the present structure consistent with current corporate objectives, strategies, policies, and programs, as well as with the firm’s international operations? Yes. The corporation’s strategies, policies, programs, and the international operations corresponds to Harley Davidson’s present geographic area structure. 4. In what ways does this structure compare with those of similar corporation? We can compare

The Forest Management Free Essays

Forest management is the maintaining and management of not only the trees in the forest, but the streams, habitat, watersheds, and even the decaying trees or logs on the forest floor. Managing our forests is not only important to the wildlife, but to our future economy and way of life. We need to continue to save the Oregon forests and help the ecosystems within them because human beings are also part of the ecosystem. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forest Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now By using forest management, it can help certain species of wildlife. Some species of birds, such as the pileated woodpecker, which need large snags to build nest cavities(7). But the worst possible approach to maintaining a wide diversity of species would be to manage every acre of the forest the same way. Any change in forest habitat creates â€Å"winners† and â€Å"losers. † As forests go through natural cycles of growth, death and regeneration, species may inhabit or be absent from a given area partly in response to natural changes in the structure of trees and other forest vegetation(4). The same occurs when forest stands are managed by humans. Unless future credible research indicates otherwise, effort should be made to manage a wide range of forest structures. Maintaining diversity would be best served by using a broader range of management tools. Those would include harvesting on federal land – not simply thinning – and increasing the commitment to old-growth attributes on private forest land through techniques such as retaining large trees and snags. As long as federal lands are substantially committed to providing late successional habitat, private forest land can be substantially committed to younger, intensively managed stands, provided critical habitat characteristics are available. The federal lands make up more than 50% to 60% of the forests in Oregon(3). Because timber harvest in now dramatically reduced on federal lands, those lands represent a sizable, well distributed pool of both old-growth forests and forests that could become old-growth, providing habitat to those species associated with forests with old-growth characteristics. While a large portion of federal land is committed to sustaining species that need old-growth, the difficult question remains, how much is enough? Leaving these forests completely unharvested invites unacceptable, large-scale insect infestations and catastrophic fires(6). Because federal lands comprise nearly 50 to 60 percent of Oregon†s orests, practices on these lands have a major impact on forest-dwelling vertebrates(2). These lands are well distributed throughout the state. Private land ownership accounts for approximately 40 percent of the states forests(5). Of this private ownership, over half is in industrial ownership and the rest is held mostly by small woodland owners(7). Since 1992 harvesting on federal lands has dropped sharply. In contrast, many industrial private lands are intensively managed(6). Oregon law requires prompt replanting, and stands are often fertilized and thinned. This split ownership, in addition to diverse management practices on private lands, results in a wide range of habitat conditions. No species studied appears immediately threatened by forest practices in Oregon(3). In fact, many species are abundant. While that finding appears hopeful, it does not ensure that these will not be future problems. Current practices may not be adequate to keep the present range of species in the future. While some species thrive in the habitat provided by younger forest stands, a considerable number of species either requires, or reproduces etter, where large live trees, large cavities, and large pieces of downed wood The Oregon Forest Practice Act currently requires that some trees be retained after harvest. But the question is: how much is enough? Will trees being retained be sufficiently distributed to meet the future habitat needs of all vulnerable species? For example more than 60 species are associated with downed wood such as; fallen decaying trees or logs, 14 of them considered at risk(8). One species would be the rough skinned newt which live in and around decaying wood. Few studies to date have focused specifically on intensively anaged stands where old-growth characteristics, such as large snags and large pieces of decaying wood, are most likely to be in short supply. However, research is looking toward this need. Harvest levels in the future will likely be at least 40 percent below what could be cut on a sustainable level(1). That†s because of reduced exaggeration on timber production on federal lands. In the past, federal land provided half the states timber production, but in 1996 provided only 17 percent(2). That is the lowest level since 1934, in the depths of the Great Depression. An nderstanding of Oregon†s timberland and its importance to the state†s economic and social well being, particularly in rural areas. In Oregon, reforestation is mandatory and carefully spelled out in the Oregon Forest Practice Act, which governs all management related activities in Oregon†s privately owned forests. Private lands must be replanted within two planting seasons of harvest, and within six years of harvest, the site must be certified as free to grow, meaning the trees have topped the brush and can grow successfully. If the replanting job fails, the state can compel compliance ith the act through civil penalties, including civil court action and fines of up to $5,000(3). More than 90 percent of harvested forested acres are replanted to stocking levels that meet of exceed what is legally required. So in order to help our forests, we need to continue with what is being done today. The hard work that is being put into saving the forests habitat, the streams, and the trees themselves may not show in the short-run but will have dramatic effect in the long-run. Wood products remain an important component of Oregon†s robust economy and contribute to the long-awaited diversification of the state†s economy. How to cite The Forest Management, Essay examples

The Forest Management Free Essays

Forest management is the maintaining and management of not only the trees in the forest, but the streams, habitat, watersheds, and even the decaying trees or logs on the forest floor. Managing our forests is not only important to the wildlife, but to our future economy and way of life. We need to continue to save the Oregon forests and help the ecosystems within them because human beings are also part of the ecosystem. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forest Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now By using forest management, it can help certain species of wildlife. Some species of birds, such as the pileated woodpecker, which need large snags to build nest cavities(7). But the worst possible approach to maintaining a wide diversity of species would be to manage every acre of the forest the same way. Any change in forest habitat creates â€Å"winners† and â€Å"losers. † As forests go through natural cycles of growth, death and regeneration, species may inhabit or be absent from a given area partly in response to natural changes in the structure of trees and other forest vegetation(4). The same occurs when forest stands are managed by humans. Unless future credible research indicates otherwise, effort should be made to manage a wide range of forest structures. Maintaining diversity would be best served by using a broader range of management tools. Those would include harvesting on federal land – not simply thinning – and increasing the commitment to old-growth attributes on private forest land through techniques such as retaining large trees and snags. As long as federal lands are substantially committed to providing late successional habitat, private forest land can be substantially committed to younger, intensively managed stands, provided critical habitat characteristics are available. The federal lands make up more than 50% to 60% of the forests in Oregon(3). Because timber harvest in now dramatically reduced on federal lands, those lands represent a sizable, well distributed pool of both old-growth forests and forests that could become old-growth, providing habitat to those species associated with forests with old-growth characteristics. While a large portion of federal land is committed to sustaining species that need old-growth, the difficult question remains, how much is enough? Leaving these forests completely unharvested invites unacceptable, large-scale insect infestations and catastrophic fires(6). Because federal lands comprise nearly 50 to 60 percent of Oregon†s orests, practices on these lands have a major impact on forest-dwelling vertebrates(2). These lands are well distributed throughout the state. Private land ownership accounts for approximately 40 percent of the states forests(5). Of this private ownership, over half is in industrial ownership and the rest is held mostly by small woodland owners(7). Since 1992 harvesting on federal lands has dropped sharply. In contrast, many industrial private lands are intensively managed(6). Oregon law requires prompt replanting, and stands are often fertilized and thinned. This split ownership, in addition to diverse management practices on private lands, results in a wide range of habitat conditions. No species studied appears immediately threatened by forest practices in Oregon(3). In fact, many species are abundant. While that finding appears hopeful, it does not ensure that these will not be future problems. Current practices may not be adequate to keep the present range of species in the future. While some species thrive in the habitat provided by younger forest stands, a considerable number of species either requires, or reproduces etter, where large live trees, large cavities, and large pieces of downed wood The Oregon Forest Practice Act currently requires that some trees be retained after harvest. But the question is: how much is enough? Will trees being retained be sufficiently distributed to meet the future habitat needs of all vulnerable species? For example more than 60 species are associated with downed wood such as; fallen decaying trees or logs, 14 of them considered at risk(8). One species would be the rough skinned newt which live in and around decaying wood. Few studies to date have focused specifically on intensively anaged stands where old-growth characteristics, such as large snags and large pieces of decaying wood, are most likely to be in short supply. However, research is looking toward this need. Harvest levels in the future will likely be at least 40 percent below what could be cut on a sustainable level(1). That†s because of reduced exaggeration on timber production on federal lands. In the past, federal land provided half the states timber production, but in 1996 provided only 17 percent(2). That is the lowest level since 1934, in the depths of the Great Depression. An nderstanding of Oregon†s timberland and its importance to the state†s economic and social well being, particularly in rural areas. In Oregon, reforestation is mandatory and carefully spelled out in the Oregon Forest Practice Act, which governs all management related activities in Oregon†s privately owned forests. Private lands must be replanted within two planting seasons of harvest, and within six years of harvest, the site must be certified as free to grow, meaning the trees have topped the brush and can grow successfully. If the replanting job fails, the state can compel compliance ith the act through civil penalties, including civil court action and fines of up to $5,000(3). More than 90 percent of harvested forested acres are replanted to stocking levels that meet of exceed what is legally required. So in order to help our forests, we need to continue with what is being done today. The hard work that is being put into saving the forests habitat, the streams, and the trees themselves may not show in the short-run but will have dramatic effect in the long-run. Wood products remain an important component of Oregon†s robust economy and contribute to the long-awaited diversification of the state†s economy. How to cite The Forest Management, Essay examples

An Investigation in the Aged Care Industry in Australia

Question: Discuss about the Aged Care Industry in Australia. Answer: Introduction Research Issue The major concerns those are expressed by the stakeholders regarding the aged care quality in Australia. The organization is responsible for realizing whether or not a residential aged care facility funded by the government of Australia. The significance of this research is to investigate the Australian Aged Care Accreditation Standards. Additionally, these standards have been observed to contribute to the enhancing care after theory emergence (Baldwin and Chenoweth 2015). Moreover, these standards are just deemed to present minimum standards of quality and they do not totally centre on clinical results. Transformation in the demographics along with observing boost in aging population in Australia has necessitated implementation of aged care services and such growth is deemed to sustain in future (Australia 2015). There are certain aspects namely sustainability, funding associated with future investments along with provisions of upcoming growth based on the industry. The aged care se rvice providers within Australia are accountable for offering services associated with aged care in Australia that encompass residential care services along with home and community care services (McLachlan 2013). The research problem has revealed that workforce of the aged care industry is not distributed in an even manner. Moreover, a great number of working populations is associated with residential aged care industry as it is vital that residential aged care must have great work force and certain home care is required to be increased for it is extremely less. Home care industries within the sub-continent areas are gradually transforming because of great number of aged care individuals (Farag et al. 2016). Within the over populated nations it is deemed vital to for offering extensive care for the increasing population. In comparison to the aged care sector within Australia the industry has not gradually enhanced within the sub-continental nations. Conversely, the lifecycle as well as the culture of people within Australia is extremely distinct from the sub-continent areas as it is not likely to have identical infrastructure in all the regions (Drew, Kortt and Dollery 2014). Considering the same research problem, the recent research will investigate significant relationship between capita growth in the sub-continents and Aged care expenditure in Australia. Research Question The research question that is to be answered through the current study is: Will this growth be replicated within the sub-continent nations with the growth of the per capita income? What is the relationship between capita growth in the sub-continents and Aged care expenditure in Australia? What are the recommendations offered to enhance growth of per-capita income in Australian sub-continents?Research Hypotheses The research hypotheses those are to be tested in investigating the Aged Care Industry in Australia with the growth of per capital income are mentioned under: H1: There is a significant relationship between capita growth in the sub-continents and Aged care expenditure in Australia. H2: There is a significant relationship between growth in expenditure on aged care services of Australia and capita income of sub continental countries Research Methodology Research Design Based on the research question, the current exploration has considered selecting most appropriate research design that has helped in determining the ways through which research hypothesis was proved (Warburton and Mahoney 2016). This is because; the current research has considered carrying out detailed description of aspects that explained significant relationship between capita growth in the sub-continents and Aged care expenditure in Australia. The researcher in the current study has considered using explanatory research design in consideration to which they have prepared several recommendations to deal with the research problem after the accomplishment of the study (Hughes, Bigby and Tilbury 2016). This is the main reason for which descriptive research design is followed by the researcher in accomplishing the overall research. Data Collection Method Data is considered as vital requirement for making sure of proper accomplishment of current research within which gathering relevant data is based on the research characteristics and desired study results. In the current research on investigation regarding growth in expenditure on aged care services of Australia and capita income of sub continental countries are seven sub-continents, primary data was gathered (Tapper and Phillimore 2014). Primary data was gathered from a small sample in the current research for the time constraint and complexity associated with gathering primary data from the selected seven sub-continents of Australia. Both quantitative as well as qualitative data was gathered in this study (Britt et al. 2013). Quantitative data collection was deemed highly suitable in this research as quantitative information can be evaluated easily for collecting desired results and findings from the research. Quantitative data collection also provides important information regardi ng inclination concerning human perception that is relied on particular information on study. Data Sampling Method Sampling can be deemed as a process by means of which target survey participants for the recent study has been selected from a huge population. Appropriate process of sampling supports the researcher in choosing very appropriate source for primary data collection for extracting vital information totally associated with attaining the purpose of the current research (Davidson 2015). Simple random sampling technique was employed in this research to select most appraise data and sample for data analysis. This sampling technique was used as it has facilitated equal chances for the sample to be selected for the current research. Moreover, simple random sampling is also considered suitable in case of quantitative data collection that is followed in this study for gathering desired sample size from huge sample base (Burkett et al. 2016). The selected sample for investigating relationship between growth in expenditure on aged care services of Australia and capita income of sub continental cou ntries are seven sub-continents. Data Analysis Method The data that was gathered was analyzed with the help of employing several analytical processes associated with investigation of primary data. In consideration to same, it was gathered that most suitable selection of data analysis techniques is vital that can help in attaining most dependable and transparent research results (Meagher, Szebehely and Mears 2016). In addition, it also sustains in maintaining the dependability and transparency of the collected research based information. Adequate representation of quantitative data is carried out with the support of signifying them in tables and graphs that were in turn simplified the data evaluation process in accordance with gathered data. MS excel tools were also used effectively in conducting correlation analysis based on the collected primary data (Hungerford et al. 2016). Such analysis has also facilitated in proving the set research hypothesis in investigating significant relationship between capita growth in the sub-continents an d Aged care expenditure in Australia. Ethical Considerations While conducting research on the current topic the researcher had made sure that suitable ethical code of conduct was followed in every step of research and the process of data collection (Wade, Soar and Gray 2014). Primary data has been gathered from dependable sources that have made sure the researcher regarding the results collected from the study. The researcher ensured regarding the maintaining the reliability and trustworthiness of results gathered from the current exploration. Moreover, the researcher also attempted to gather reliable data from the investigation in consideration to the most accurate and up-to-date primary sources for exploration the impact of expenditure on aged care on the per capita growth of Australian sub continents (Drew, Walk and West 2016). Data Collection Methods Limitations Though primary data collection has helped in gathering relevant research results, still it was gathered that this type of research has several disadvantages that includes involvement of high cost and chances of inaccurate feedbacks in conducting primary research (Clark, Parker and Davey 2014). Moreover, small sample size selected in primary research might not be extremely reliable as a huge population consideration can be highly "time consuming" as collection of such data is not possible n lesser time (Cooke and Bartram 2015). Neither imitation of primary data considers that inaccurate feedbacks might not be gathered from the survey participants nor there high chances that such feedback might no be very reliable. Data analysis: Primary research: 1.In what age group do you currently fall under? Options No. of responses Total respondents Responses % 21-25 14 103 13.59% 26-30 43 103 41.75% 31-35 33 103 32.04% 36-40 9 103 8.74% Above 40 4 103 3.88% Mean Median Mode S.D. 2.48 2.00 2.00 0.97 Table 3.1: depicting the age group of the respondents (Source: As created by the author) Figure 3.1: Depicting the age group of the respondents (Source: As created by the author) Maximum of the respondents age mainly lie under 26 to 35 years, which helps in obtaining viable information for the research. Moreover, around 74% of the respondents mainly depict the overall responses, which could be used in improving viability of the research. With the help of mean, median and mode, viability of the respondents age is detected. Furthermore, SD of the respondents is below 1, which depicts that responses are viable. 2.What is you demography? Options No. of responses Total respondents Responses % Male 79 103 76.70% Female 24 103 23.30% Mean Median Mode S.D. 1.23 1.00 1.00 0.42 Table 3.2: Depicting the demographic of the respondents (Source: As created by the author) Figure 3.2: Depicting demographic of the respondents (Source: As created by the author) With the help of mean, median and mode, demographic of the respondents is detected. Furthermore, SD of the respondents is below 1, which depicts that use of the adequate responses are viable. 3.How much per capita income has grown from precious years? Options No. of responses Total respondents Responses % 0%-5% 36 103 34.95% 6%-10% 53 103 51.46% 11%-15% 11 103 10.68% 16%-20% 2 103 1.94% Above 20% 1 103 0.97% Mean Median Mode S.D. 1.83 2.00 2.00 0.77 Table 3.3: Depicting the increment in per capita income (Source: As created by the author) Figure 3.3: Depicting the increment in per capita income (Source: As created by the author) Moreover, from figure and table 3.3 overall increments in the per capita income of sub continental countries are depicted by 51.46%. With the help of mean, mode, and median, option 2 is mainly indicated as the most viable response used by the respondents. Thus, a relative increment of 6% to 10% could be identified. 4.How much did Aged care expenditure increased in precious years? Options No. of responses Total respondents Responses % 0%-5% 12 103 11.65% 6%-10% 49 103 47.57% 11%-15% 33 103 32.04% 16%-20% 6 103 5.83% Above 20% 3 103 2.91% Mean Median Mode S.D. 2.41 2.00 2.00 0.88 Table 3.4: Depicting the increment in expenditure of aged care industry (Source: As created by the author) Figure 3.4: Depicting the increment in expenditure of aged care industry (Source: As created by the author) The mean, median, and mode mainly state that respondents choose both option 2 and 3. In addition, it is estimated that around 6% to 15% increment in expenditure of aged care industry could be identified. The low SD mainly states that there is relatively no risk regarding responses used in the research. Correlation of Question 3 and 4: Q3 Q4 Q3 1 Q4 0.033773 1 Table 3.5: Depicting the correlation in per capita income and (Source: As created by the author) With the help of table 3.5 overall correlations between increment in expenditure and per capita income is depicted. Moreover, a positive correlation mainly states that an increment in expenditure also increases income per capita in sub continental countries. Summary: The overall data analysis chapter mainly helps in depicting the relevant correlation between the per capita income of sub continental companies and Australian aged care expenses. Moreover, the researcher with the relevant outcome has mainly depicted the relationship between per capita incomes generated by subcontinent countries. Furthermore, the adequate impact of expenses conducted by Australian movement could be identified, which in turn help in improving per capita income of sub centennial countries. Conclusion and Recommendations The significance of this research was to investigate the Australian Aged Care Accreditation Standards. Moreover, these standards have been observed to contribute to the enhancing care after theory emergence. The research problem has revealed that workforce of the aged care industry is not distributed in an even manner. Moreover, a great number of working populations is associated with residential aged care industry as it is vital that residential aged care must have great work force and certain home care is required to be increased for it is extremely less. The current research gathered the relevant outcome that has mainly depicted the relationship between per capita incomes generated by subcontinent countries. Furthermore, the adequate impact of expenses conducted by Australian movement could be identified, which in turn help in improving per capita income of sub centennial countries. The research revealed that the relevant increment in the capita income of Sri lank, Bhutan, Maldive s, and Nepal has drastically improved, while Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh seen slow improvement. This derivation mainly helps in depicting the impact of expenditure conducted by Australian government on aged population. Data analysis revealed maximum number of equipments and workforce in Aged care centers are mainly provided from sub-continental countries, as it helps in reducing costs and improving overall service quality. Furthermore, overall increment in aged population expenses is mainly helpful for some of the sub continent countries as the overall income is mainly generated from expenses conducted by the Australian government. Furthermore, from the correlation calculation Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal is mainly identified of having the most correlation between expenses and per capita income. Furthermore, the relevancy in expenses could be identified, which might be helpful in generating higher income. Furthermore, high correlation in expenses and per capita income mainly states the positive implications, which is helpful for sub continent countries to generate higher. References: aihw.gov.au., 2017. [online] Aihw.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/national-aged-care-data-clearinghouse/ [Accessed 17 Feb. 2017]. Australia, C., 2015. The economic value of informal care in Australia in 2015. Baldwin, R. and Chenoweth, L., 2015. Residential Aged Care Policy in AustraliaAre We Learning from Evidence?.Australian Journal of Public Administration,74(2), pp.128-141. Britt, H., Miller, G.C., Henderson, J., Bayram, C., Valenti, L., Harrison, C., Charles, J., Pan, Y., Zhang, C., Pollack, A.J. and O'Halloran, J., 2013.General Practice Activity in Australia 2012-13: BEACH: Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health(No. 33). Sydney University Press. Burkett, E., Martin-Khan, M.G., Scott, J., Samanta, M. and Gray, L.C., 2016. Trends and predicted trends in presentations of older people to Australian emergency departments: effects of demand growth, population aging and climate change.Australian Health Review. Clark, S.J., Parker, R.M. and Davey, R., 2014. Nurse Practitioners in Aged Care Documentary Analysis of Successful Project Proposals.Qualitative health research, p.1049732314548691. Cooke, F.L. and Bartram, T., 2015. Guest Editors Introduction: Human Resource Management in Health Care and Elderly Care: Current Challenges and Toward a Research Agenda.Human Resource Management,54(5), pp.711-735. Davidson, B., 2015. Community aged care providers in a competitive environment: past, present and future. Sydney University Press. Drew, J., Kortt, M.A. and Dollery, B., 2014. Economies of scale and local government expenditure: evidence from Australia.Administration Society,46(6), pp.632-653. Drew, M.E., Walk, A.N. and West, J.M., 2016. Withdrawal capacity in the face of expected and unexpected health and aged-care expenses during retirement.The Journal of Retirement,3(3), pp.77-94. Farag, I., Howard, K., ORourke, S., Ferreira, M.L., Lord, S.R., Close, J.C.T., Vogler, C., Dean, C.M., Cumming, R.G. and Sherrington, C., 2016. Health and social support services in older adults recently discharged from hospital: service utilisation and costs and exploration of the impact of a home-exercise intervention.BMC geriatrics,16(1), p.82. Harvey, R. and De Boer, R., 2015. Growth in expenditure on high cost drugs in Australia.Research Paper, Parliamentary Library, Canberra. Hughes, M., Bigby, C. and Tilbury, C., 2016. Australian social work research on ageing and aged care: A scoping review.Journal of Social Work, p.1468017316654346. Hungerford, C., Prosser, B., Davey, R., Clark, S., Davey, C.H.B.P.R. and Clark, S., 2016. The Australian grey nomadand aged care nurse practitioner models of practice: a case study analysis.Rural and remote health,16(2), p.3647. McLachlan, R., 2013. Deep and Persistent Disadvantage in Australia-Productivity Commission Staff Working Paper. Meagher, G., Szebehely, M. and Mears, J., 2016. How institutions matter for job characteristics, quality and experiences: a comparison of home care work for older people in Australia and Sweden.Work, Employment Society,30(5), pp.731-749. Tapper, A. and Phillimore, J., 2014. Trends in Australian government health expenditure by age: a fiscal incidence analysis.Australian Health Review,38(5), pp.523-527. tradingeconomics.com., 2017. [online] Tradingeconomics.com. Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/maldives/gdp-per-capita [Accessed 17 Feb. 2017]. Wade, V., Soar, J. and Gray, L., 2014. Uptake of telehealth services funded by Medicare in Australia.Australian Health Review,38(5), pp.528-532. Warburton, J. and Mahoney, A.M., 2016. The aged care sector: residential and community care.Understanding the Australian Health Care System, p.121.

Analysis Of A Passage From Oedipus Rex English Literature Essay free essay sample

Oedipus, the male monarch, is seeking to detect his beginning. When Oedipus was a kid, he was prophesied over. The audience hears the prognostication that he will one twenty-four hours kill his male parent and get married his female parent. Oedipus does non cognize this and first believes that he is the boy of Polybus. The truth of King Oedipus beginning is revealed in the 4th scene of the drama Oedipus Rex. Oedipus has merely called for the shepherd. Oedipus discovers from the courier, who is present, that merely the shepherd knows the truth about his birth. The shepherd was called to detect the truth of where Oedipus came from. The courier came to town to inform Oedipus that the adult male he called his male parent was dead and he was called to be the male monarch of Corinth. He discovered that he was non his male parent s boy and that he was adopted after the courier gave him as a babe to Polybos because the courier felt sympathy that the male monarch could non hold kids. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis Of A Passage From Oedipus Rex English Literature Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The courier told Oedipus that a shepherd gave him the babe and he did non cognize the true beginning of the kid. Sophocles uses word picture, a motive of remembrance, and dramatic sarcasm to show the thought that one will carry through his fate with or without free will. Oedipus, and the shepherd are characterized in this scene as non holding any freewill and unwilling playing a function in carry throughing one s fate. Oedipus is foremost seen as a really speculative demanding character. He uses a really forceful tone when speaking to the courier stating, state me foremost, you from Corinth: is this the shepherd we were discoursing? He is portrayed as really aggressive and certain of what he wants to cognize. This is shown by the repeat of the words state me when Oedipus asks another inquiry. Oedipus continues to oppugn the shepherd. As the scene progresses he is depicted as more and more hostile. He threatens the shepherd by stating he will decease now unless [ he ] speak [ s ] the truth. This characterizes Oedipus as really angry. This shows the deficiency of the shepherd s free will. The shepherd does non hold a pick to speak or non because if he remains soundless, decease is his effect. Word picture is used in Oedipus Rex to picture the characters desire to uncover the truth. Time is used as a technique to unveil the truth. The courier uses clip and Numberss to review [ the shepherd s ] memory. He inside informations the three whole seasonsaˆÂ ¦ March to September, on Kithairon or there abouts. The courier says that the shepherd must retrieve. This shows the couriers desire for the truth to be revealled is merely a strong as Oedipus . The shepherd relizes that Oedipus was the same kid he gave to the courier, and he does non desire to reply any more inquiries stating that the courier is merely doing problem. The Shepherd is the first to recognize that the prognostication has taken topographic point. The shepherd is characterized as non holding any free will. He unwittingly allows the prophesy to take topographic point. The shepherd is characterized as cautious and fearful of his life. At first he is diffident of why he has been called to speak to the male monarch. He replies to Oedipus inquiries with straightforward replies, until he is asked if he retrieve [ erectile dysfunction ] of all time seeing [ the courier ] out at that place, mentioning to Kithairon. He replies to this with a inquiry, what would he be making at that place? After being asked once more, the shepherd denies cognizing the adult male. When he discovers that he does in fact know the courier from the yesteryear he become defensive in his replies to Oedipus inquiries. The shepherd realizes that he played a function in the fulfilment of the prognostication when the courier says that King Oedipus was one time that small kid that he had given the courier to rise up. The shepherd did non cognize that by sal vaging the kid life, the kid would turn up to slay his male parent. The shepherd began to repent his determination when he says that he would to God [ he ] had died that really twenty-four hours. This means that he wishes that he could alter the yesteryear and non be a portion of carry throughing Oedipus fate. As a feature of Greek play, Sophocles sets his drama to take topographic point in a short period of clip. Flashbacks are included to give the audience a history of what happened and be able to stay within a short clip span. These flashbacks create a motive of remembrance in the drama to show the unwilling portion that the shepherd and courier had in the prognostication s fulfilment. The first remembrance occurs when the courier tries to review [ the shepherd s ] memory by stating a narrative of when the two spent three whole seasons together. This flashback allows for the audience to understand the history shared between the courier and the shepherd. The shepherd giving Oedipus to the courier as a kid was a portion of all of their fates. As the babe Oedipus was prophesied over and given the destiny of killing his male parent and get marrieding his female parent. To forestall this Jocasta gave the immature kid to the shepherd to go forth for decease on the side of a mountain. In a n effort to salvage a life, he gives the kid to the courier to care after him. The courier, so holding understanding for the male monarch of Corinth, gives the kid to him. Dramatic Irony is used to picture the subject of carry throughing one s fate and the absence of free will. Dramatic sarcasm is created by the audience knowing that Oedipus is married to his female parent. The disclosure takes topographic point when the shepherd informs Oedipus that he did give the kid to the courier, and in fact Oedipus was of the house of LaA?os. The male monarch continuously asks inquiries to the shepherd in order to uncover the truth. The Choragos tells Oedipus that he cognize [ s ] him, he was LaA?os adult male. You can swear him. This is the first indicant in this transition that the truth is what Oedipus is after. Oedipus asks the courier is this the shepherd [ that they ] were discoursing? and the courier replies this is he really adult male. Oedipus begins to oppugn him to unveil the truths that the shepherd is concealing. At first the shepherd is incognizant that Oedipus is the same kid that he had given to the courier old ages ago. When he discovers that King Oedipus was one time that small kid, he changes his tone from being helpful to detering. He does non desire to reply any more inquiries and says that if he speak [ s ] the truth, [ he is ] worse than dead. This technique of detaining the disclosure makes the audience become more involved in the drama. The dramatic sarcasm forces the audience to sympathise with the characters because they know that the characters are incognizant of the calamity that has occurred. The characters are continuously seeking the truth which merely leads to the disclosure that they neer had free will. They realize that they were unable to get away their fate. They all unwittingly helped destine drama out. Jocasta, in effort to halt the prognostication, gave the kid to the shepherd to go forth him for decease. The shepherd seeking to salvage the kid s life gives the courier the kid to raise. The courier cognizing about the prognostication takes the kid far off from Thebes to be reared by King Polybos. Then Oedipus leaves Corinth merely to kill his birth male parent at the cross roads. He unwittingly goes back to Thebes during a crisis and saves the town winning his female parent for a married woman as a award. None of the characters knew that they lacked free will or that they had a portion in the prognostication. Through the usage of dramatic sarcasm, a motive of remembrance, and word picture, the truth in the deficiency of free will is discovered.

The Epic of Gilgamesh a Story by Maureen Kovacs

The Epic of Gilgamesh a Story by Maureen Kovacs Heroism is a characteristic that entails a demonstration of unique traits by an individual, beyond ordinary expectations. The story of Gilgamesh and his achievements in the Epic of Gilgamesh portrays him as a true hero of the people.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Epic of Gilgamesh a Story by Maureen Kovacs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the story, Gilgamesh, the protagonist, demonstrates many character traits that pass him for a hero. Gilgamesh demonstrates high skillfulness in his work. Besides, he is intelligent and possesses great courage. The fact that Gilgamesh is ready to die for the sake of his people, also shows that he is selfless, a character of a true hero. From the story therefore, it is in order to argue that Gilgamesh’s search for immortality is suitably heroic as developed in this paper. To begin with, it is quite evident that throughout the story, Gilgamesh demonstrates his ch aracter as a leader with high skilfulness. According to Kovacs Gilgamesh â€Å"is strong to perfection†¦an awesome beast with unmatched strength and a chant that fosters armies†¦leads his tribe into battle fearlessly and defeats everyone†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (8). Gilgamesh, as a skilful warrior, leads fellow warriors of his tribe to fight their enemies and in no occasion do they lose a battle. His strength is unrivalled; he has been able to slay even the most feared men like the highly feared Humbaba. In fact, his successful demonstration that he could fight Humbaba makes people of Urok village to fear him for such act is a great achievement. The task he accomplishes by slaying Humbaba has made the Great Gilgamosh to cower since his strength is incomparable to someone who was once their king. The revelation that the people of his tribe are angered by even small things just but demonstrates their confidence in Gilgamesh; they are confident that even if they go to fight with any t ribe, their king will not let them down. Gilgamesh is a man of great intelligence; throughout his reign as a king, he demonstrates great intelligence through the way he governs his people.Advertising Looking for term paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He naturally possesses hindsight of what is likely to happen to his people and prepares in advance to overcome it. Besides, Gilgamesh has the ability to make wise decisions on urgent matters concerning his people (Heather Para. 9). This ability has earned his tribe a good name; a powerful tribe. By accepting to challenge Humbaba, Gilgamesh knows he could convince his people that he is strong and powerful and could actually slay the beast. It takes intelligence for an individual to look up and heed the counsel of the wise and for Gilgamesh he heeded his mother’s words of wisdom; Gilgamesh’s mother convinces him that Enkidu is a true friend not an enemy in disguise. The epic portrays Gilgamesh as a selfless man. Being selfless is one of the characters that people do admire in a hero. Selflessness as a character trait that â€Å"requires an individual to put his/her personal needs aside to care for other people’s needs even if it requires a sacrifice that would not benefit him/her† (Prine 23). By agreeing to fight Humbaba, Gilgamesh verily knows that it is possible that he may die during the fight; nevertheless, his selfless character compels him to take the risk and the fact that he is ready to die for his people’s safety passes him for a true hero. Only few people can give their lives for the sake of others and this move by Gilgamesh qualifies him as a true hero. His selfless nature also comes out when he fights the sky sent-bull (earthquake). When an earthquake hits his tribe, nine dozen people die but Gilgamesh does not flee to save his life; he simply stays put because he knows his people need him at a time like this. The earthquake incident further reveals his selfless nature as a true hero. Finally, Gilgamesh demonstrates high degree of courage that portrays him as a hero. His acceptance to fight Humbaba, a great fighter, shows great courage because he does not fear death, which is a possible outcome from this fight. His courageous nature comes out when he manages to climb up the steep cliff on Mt. Mashu. He does not cower midway but goes up until he reaches the top of the cliff. At the top, Gilgamesh meets the scorpion guard who reveals to him that in the past, no one had ever climbed to the top of that cliff. This revelation by the scorpion guard further brings out the courageous nature of Gilgamesh; he manages to do what no other man has done before and that’s what true heroes do; they go where no ordinary man has ever gone.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Epic of Gilgamesh a Story by Maureen Kovacs specifically f or you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the epic, it is evident that Gilgamesh’s search for immortality is suitably heroic because his character throughout the story demonstrates that he is indeed a hero. Many at times he has done things that underscore his courageous nature. As a leader, Gilgamesh shows great intelligence. In the battle field, Gilgamesh is a skilful warrior. Finally he is a selfless man ready to die for his people’s safety. Heather, Leah. True Love Conquers All Love and Heroes in the Epic of Gilgamesh, 2006. Web. Kovacs, Maureen. Trans. The Epic of Gilgamesh. California: Stanford University Press, 1989. Print. Prine, Jackson. The Epic of Gilgamesh. Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1997.

HIS-102-Western Civ Post 1689 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HIS-102-Western Civ Post 1689 - Assignment Example It is also important to note that parliamentary monarchy is bound to constructional provisions of the state, but there are power exceptions in the event of constitutional crisis (Witmer 42). United Kingdom is a good example of a parliamentary monarch. Political absolutism is organized like a monarchy, but political power is unlimited and centralized to the ruler. In other words, the political leader has authority over the state. Absolutism lacks constitutional provisions, thereby directing governance and leadership to the discretion of the political leader. Examples of absolutism include Nazi Germany and North Korea’s political system. In most cases, political absolutism exhibits critical practices of dictatorship. In a parliamentary monarchy, one family could dominate the monarch for centuries while elective positions are shared by the legislature. On the other hand, political absolutism is likely to result in the violation of human rights. In this respect, a parliamentary monarchy is better than political absolutism because it is constitutional in

Leadership in Organizations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Leadership in Organizations - Research Paper Example Except for this, other genera traits of a leader are strong determination, self confidence, and being a good listener; listening is an important part of leadership, if one of the followers has a query or has doubts regarding the leader's chosen path, the leader must also listen to and analyze the situation from that particular follower's perspective, otherwise he/she may lose all their support. Leadership for Non profit organizations is deemed quite simpler as compared to applying leadership theories within an organization of which's sole motive is to make profits as Non profit organizations deal more with values, ethical implications and morals. But that does not necessarily mean that profit making or profit motivated organizations do not encompass these traits, most profit making organizations do. The only difference being, some are more concerned about 'their people' rather than money and some operate on a vice versa basis. And of course, for a non profit organization to perform effectively, it does need the same zeal and motivation for the employees from the leader as in a profit organization, but here the leader needs to take care of one more important aspect, and this is the fact that the employees or colleagues are also self driven to do this job or because they 'want' to do this for the benefit of a third party 'without' expecting anything in return from it, and thus these people should be treated as respectfully as their duty demands. The following leadership styles were found to be effective whilst leading within a non profit organization: Functional Leadership Functional leadership must be denoted as an imperative leadership theory for non profit organizations because of its weight-age towards 'what the leader gives''. This is a simple tic for tac theory through which the leader shall receive support only once he has been proven worthy of support by providing support to his / her junior colleagues. A simple graph to show the relevance of subjects and work has been denoted within the following chart: Figure 1: Functional Leadership Functional leadership is all about working together as a team, and no one authority is strong enough to make

Categorising Hamlet as a Tragedy

Categorising Hamlet as a Tragedy Shakespearean scholar A.C. Bradley states that tragedy concerns itself with one person, the hero. The second key aspect of tragedy is the death of a hero. As Bradley points out, tragedy is essentially a tale of suffering and calamity conducting to death. Hamlet by William Shakespeare closely follows the dramatic conventions of a revenge play in Elizabethan theatre. Plays belonging to this genre are typically centred upon a protagonists attempt to avenge an evil deed, often including prompts from the supernatural. Mental instability of the hero, scenes of carnage and mutilation and an eruption of general violence towards the denouement are elements common to this genre. Thomas Kyds The Spanish Tragedy and William Shakespeares Titus Andronicus are classic examples of revenge plays, often being classified as tragedies of blood due to their explicit presentation of premeditated violence. Hamlets focus is primarily on the fall of a hero rather than on the execution of a pledge to revenge, therefore, it is more a tragedy than a revenge play as Prince Hamlet just doesnt avenge his fathers murder, he contemplates it before hand. In Hamlet, Shakespeare complicates the theme which makes the play difficult to compartmentalise, giving the play psychological depth, whereas Titus Andronicus is the straightforward narration of a pledge to revenge. The play narrates how Prince Hamlet gains revenge on his uncle Claudius, who is responsible for the foul and most unnatural murder of the late King, Hamlets father. Hamlet vividly charts the course of feigned madness, overwhelming angst and seething rage; whilst exploring themes such as regicide, treachery, reprisal, incest and moral corruption- the classic conventions of an Elizabethan tragedy. The setting of the play is crucial in determining the plays genre, thus, Shakespeare uses Castle Elsinore and its environs to depict a sordid, depressing place where alleged incest and murder are a part of everyday life, where revenge is commonplace motivation, and where the feigning of madness is a normal strategy to dissemble ones feelings. As I previously said, the multiple subplots and psychological depth Shakespeare adds to characters give context to the events taking place within the play, taking it beyond the realms of a mere revenge play. In Hamlet, Shakespeare takes the theme of reve nge beyond the hero of the play. He adds several sub-plots (Fortinbras of Norway is getting ready for possible combat with Denmark and Laertes seeks to avenge his fathers murder), making the genre of revenge consistent throughout the course of the play whilst also adding to the atmosphere of anxiety and doom already created. Shakespeare employs the use of certain gothic conventions which are typical of tragedies, thus, establishing the plays genre. The curtain opens to a bitter cold night, instantly creating a dark, chilling atmosphere. Conversely, Shakespeare could have employed the use of this metaphor to symbolize the political unsettlement in the state of Denmark as their King has just died. The plot itself is complicated but Shakespeare adds further depth to the atmosphere of chaos and unease by employing the use of conventional aspects of Elizabethan tragedy such as the clock that has struck twelve, opening the play in a sinister, perilous hour usually associated with the supernatural, a dead hour. We are also told that the spirit of the late King is roaming the walls of the castle, creating a sense of foreboding within the audience. I have established the conventions of Elizabethan tragedies, but to ascertain the generic conventions of Revenge plays, we must look at some paradigmatic examples such as Shakespeares Titus Andronicus or Thomas Kyds The Spanish Tragedy. Critic S. Clarke Hulse describes Titus Andronicus as a play with 14 killings, 9 of them on stage, 6 severed members, 1 rape (or 2 or 3, depending on how you count), 1 live burial, 1 case of insanity and 1 of cannibalism- an average of 5.2 atrocities per act, or one for every 97 lines. The play narrates the story of a Roman general who by the end of the play has taken his revenge by murdering his enemy Tamoras sons and then cooking the deceased in the form of a pie, which he later feeds to their mother. The play is by far Shakespeares bloodiest work and is undoubtedly classified as purely a revenge play. In Hamlet; Hamlet, Ophelia, Laertes, Polonius, Gertrude, Claudius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern all die within the course of the play, which is possib ly why it is often categorised as simply a revenge play. What distinguishes Hamlet from most revenge plays is that the action we expect to see, particularly from Hamlet himself, is continually postponed. We must keep in mind that in this play, it is Hamlets own conscience that leads to his procrastination, acting as his hamartia. S.T Coleridge states that Hamlet procrastinates from thought, and loses the power of action in the energy of resolve. The audience of a revenge play expect a fast pace that gives them an adrenaline rush, thus keeping them engaged. Procrastination is a highly uncommon trait amongst the protagonists of revenge plays as can be seen in the character of Titus Andronicus who seemingly has no ethical values, Titus Andronicus being a play that is described as Shakespeares bloodiest work. Instead of killing Claudius when he is in prayer, Hamlet delays the action further, preferring to murder him when he is drunk or in the incestuous pleasures of his bed. Although, Hamlets hesitation to kill Claudius can also be seen as a p lot device used by Shakespeare to prolong the action of the play, hence, increasing the tension within the audience. As Aristotle said, the tragic hero is a man who is a mixture of good characteristics and bad characteristics and by exposing Hamlets tragic flaw, (teamed with his pardon to Laertes), Shakespeare makes him seem righteous to the audience, allowing us to empathise with the character despite his bad characteristics, a feeling that is definitely not associated with most revenge heroes. Critic William Hazlitt says that we can relate to Hamlet if we have had sadness in our lives as he is open with his emotions and allows the audience an insight into his feelings. Aristotles definition describes tragedy as an imitation of an event that is serious, complete, and possessing magnitude. Hamlet is undeniably a play that is of great enormity as we consider the scale and scope of the play. Keeping in mind that the protagonists of the play are in fact the rulers of Denmark in whose hands lies the fate of millions of people simply elevates the tension created even further. Aristotle also states that the character has the second place in importance meaning simply that the character should support the plot i.e. personal motivations will be intricately connected parts of the cause-and-effect chain of actions producing pity and fear in the audience. Hamlet fits into this description of tragedy as it is Hamlets desire to avenge his fathers murder that drives the plot forward and leads to the unfolding of events that form the play. Shakespeare adds unexpected depth to the character of Claudius, which is not common for the antagonist of a revenge play. The playwright makes Hamlets contempt towards his uncle apparent as he claims they are a little more than kin and less than kind. Claudiuss soliloquy in Act III scene III relays his stronger guilt on a brothers murder, showing a possible good characteristic (as said by Aristotle) of his character. My fault is past. But O, what form of prayer can serve my turn? Claudiuss apparent desire for retribution defers from the preconceived notion of a villain in Elizabethan theatre as it evokes sympathy within the audience. In a stage production of the play, this scene could be played with Claudius on his knees with his hands folded before him, maximising any sympathy the audience feels towards him. However, Shakespeare keeps his antagonistic manners consistent as [Claudiuss] crown, [his] own ambition, and [his] queen win over his guilt. Conversely, this soliloquy could be used to show that despite his villainous nature, Claudius is a character suffering from the heavy burden of guilt. Even though Claudiuss character is not developed to its full potential, Shakespeare has crafted a full rounded human being out of the adulterate beast, making even his character psychologically plausible. This fact in itself defers Hamlet from being merely a revenge play. Reviewing all the points I made during the course of this essay, I would like to conclude that to categorise Hamlet as a revenge play would do the play great injustice. The plays dramatic structure and in-depth characterisation allow the play to be interpreted from many perspectives. In my opinion, Hamlet is not more a tragedy than a revenge play as it contains elements of both genres, but it is a revenge tragedy. Professor Kiernan Ryan remarks on Hamlet being subcategorized into a category of its own as it problematizes the whole revenge tragedy form and the assumptions and values about life, which a revenge tragedy would smuggle through unchallenged.

Automobile Scenario of India Essay

The Automotive industry in India is one of the largest in the world and one of the fastest growing globally. India manufactures over 17. 5 million vehicles (including 2 wheeled and 4 wheeled) and exports about 2. 33 million every year. It is the world’s second largest manufacturer of motorcycles, with annual sales exceeding 8. 5 million in 2009. India’s passenger car and commercial vehicle manufacturing industry is the seventh largest in the world, with an annual production of more than 3. 7 million units in 2010. According to recent reports, India is set to overtake Brazil to become the sixth largest passenger vehicle producer in the world, growing 16-18 per cent to sell around three million units in the course of 2011-12 In 2009, India emerged as Asia’s fourth largest exporter of passenger cars, behind Japan, South Korea, and Thailand. As of 2010, India is home to 40 million passenger vehicles and more than 3. 7 million automotive vehicles were produced in India in 2010 (an increase of 33. 9%), making the country the second fastest growing automobile market in the world. According to the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, annual car sales are projected to increase up to 5 million vehicles by 2015 and more than 9 million by 2020. By 2050, the country is expected to top the world in car volumes with approximately 611 million vehicles on the nation’s roads. The dominant products of the industry are two wheelers with a market share of over 75% and passenger cars with a market share of about 16%. Commercial vehicles and three wheelers share about 9% of the market between them. About 91% of the vehicles sold are used by households and only about 9% for commercial purposes. The industry has attained a turnover of more than USD 35 billion and provides direct and indirect employment to over 13 million people. The supply chain of this industry in India is very similar to the supply chain of the automotive industry in Europe and America. This may present its own set of opportunities and threats. The orders of the industry arise from the bottom of the supply chain i. e. , from the consumers and go through the automakers and climbs up until the third tier suppliers. However the products, as channeled in every traditional automotive industry, flow from the top of the supply chain to reach the consumers. Interestingly, the level of trade exports in this sector in India has been medium and imports have been low. However, this is rapidly changing and both exports and imports are increasing. The demand determinants of the industry are factors like affordability, product innovation, infrastructure and price of fuel. Also, the basis of competition in the sector is high and increasing, and its life cycle stage is growth. With a rapidly growing middle class, all the advantages of this sector in India are yet to be leveraged. Note that, with a high cost of developing production facilities, limited accessibility to new technology and soaring competition, the barriers to enter the Indian Automotive sector are high. On the other hand, India has a well-developed tax structure. The power to levy taxes and duties is distributed among the three tiers of Government. The cost structure of the industry is fairly traditional, but the profitability of motor vehicle manufacturers has been rising over the past five years. Major players, like Tata Motors and Maruti Suzuki have material cost of about 80% but are recording profits after tax of about 6% to 11%. The level of technology change in the Motor vehicle Industry has been high but, the rate of change in technology has been medium. Investment in the technology by the producers has been high. System-suppliers of integrated components and sub-systems have become the order of the day. However, further investment in new technologies will help the industry be more competitive. Over the past few years, the industry has been volatile. Currently, India’s increasing per capita disposable income which is expected to rise by 106% by 2015 and growth in exports is playing a major role in the rise and competitiveness of the industry. Tata Motors is leading the commercial vehicle segment with a market share of about 64%. Maruti Suzuki is leading the passenger vehicle segment with a market share of 46%. [18] Hyundai Motor India and Mahindra and Mahindra are focusing expanding their footprint in the overseas market. Hero Honda Motors is occupying over 41% and sharing 26%[18] of the two wheeler market in India with Bajaj Auto. Bajaj Auto in itself is occupying about 58% of the three wheeler market. Consumers are very important of the survival of the Motor Vehicle manufacturing industry. In 2008-09, customer sentiment dropped, which burned on the augmentation in demand of cars. Steel is the major input used by manufacturers and the rise in price of steel is putting a cost pressure on manufacturers and cost is getting transferred to the end consumer. The price of oil and petrol affect the driving habits of consumers and the type of car they buy. The key to success in the industry is to improve labour productivity, labour flexibility, and capital efficiency. Having quality manpower, infrastructure improvements, and raw material availability also play a major role. Access to latest and most efficient technology and techniques will bring competitive advantage to the major players. Utilising manufacturing plants to optimum level and understanding implications from the government policies are the essentials in the Automotive Industry of India. Both, Industry and Indian Government are obligated to intervene the Indian Automotive industry. The Indian government should facilitate infrastructure creation, create favourable and predictable business environment, attract investment and promote research and development. The role of Industry will primarily be in designing and manufacturing products of world-class quality establishing cost competitiveness and improving productivity in labour and in capital. With a combined effort, the Indian Automotive industry will emerge as the destination of choice in the world for design and manufacturing of automobiles. History The first car ran on India’s roads in 1897. Until the 1930s, cars were imported directly, but in very small numbers. Embryonic automotive industry emerged in India in the 1940s. Mahindra & Mahindra was established by two brothers as a trading company in 1945, and began assembly of Jeep CJ-3A utility vehicles under license from Willys The Company soon branched out into the manufacture of light commercial vehicles (LCVs) and agricultural tractors. Following the independence, in 1947, the Government of India and the private sector launched efforts to create an automotive component manufacturing industry to supply to the automobile industry. However, the growth was relatively slow in the 1950s and 1960s due to nationalisation and the license raj which hampered the Indian private sector. After 1970, the automotive industry started to grow, but the growth was mainly driven by tractors, commercial vehicles and scooters. Cars were still a major luxury. Japanese manufacturers entered the Indian market ultimately leading to the establishment of Maruti Udyog. A number of foreign firms initiated joint ventures with Indian companies. In the 1980s, a number of Japanese manufacturers launched joint-ventures for building motorcycles and light commercial-vehicles. It was at this time that the Indian government chose Suzuki for its joint-venture to manufacture small cars. Following the economic liberalisation in 1991 and the gradual weakening of the license raj, a number of Indian and multi-national car companies launched operations. Since then, automotive component and automobile manufacturing growth has accelerated to meet domestic and export demands. [21] Following economic liberalization in India in 1991, the Indian automotive industry has demonstrated sustained growth as a result of increased competitiveness and relaxed restrictions. Several Indian automobile manufacturers such as Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki and Mahindra and Mahindra, expanded their domestic and international operations. India’s robust economic growth led to the further expansion of its domestic automobile market which has attracted significant India-specific investment by multinational automobile manufacturers. [22] In February 2009, monthly sales of passenger cars in India exceeded 100,000 units[23] and has since grown rapidly to a record monthly high of 182,992 units in October 2009. [24] Objectives of study: Since the Auto Component industry is growing substantially, it is very important to know and identify how the industry is growing and creating its own place in the industrial sector helping the economy to grow. So the objectives of the study are: 1. To understand and analyse the current status of Indian Automobile Industry. 2. To Analyse the trends in the automobile industry in India. 3. To study the growth potential and challenges faced by automobile industry in India. Market and its Growth. The automotive industry of India is categorized into passenger cars, two wheelers, commercial vehicles and three wheelers, with two wheelers dominating the market. More than 75% of the vehicles sold are two wheelers. Nearly 59% of these two wheelers sold were motorcycles and about 12% were scooters. Mopeds occupy a small portion in the two wheeler market however; electric two wheelers are yet to penetrate. The passenger vehicles are further categorized into passenger cars, utility vehicles and multi-purpose vehicles. All sedan, hatchback, station wagon and sports cars fall under passenger cars. Tata Nano, is the world’s cheapest passenger car, manufactured by Tata Motors – a leading automaker of India. Multi-purpose vehicles or people-carriers are similar in shape to a van and are taller than a sedan, hatchback or a station wagon, and are designed for maximum interior room. Utility vehicles are designed for specific tasks. The passenger vehicles manufacturing account for about 15% of the market in India. Commercial vehicles are categorized into heavy, medium and light. They account for about 5% of the market. Three wheelers are categorized into passenger carriers and goods carriers. Three wheelers account for about 4% of the market in India. Domestic Market Share for 2010-11(%)| Passenger Vehicles| 16. 25| Commercial Vehicles| 4. 36| Three Wheelers| 3. 39| Two Wheelers| 76. 00| Source: Society of Indian Automotive Manufacturing (SIAM) GROSS TURNOVER OF THE AUTOMOBILEINDUSTRY IN INDIA| Year| (IN USD MILLION)| 2004-05| 20,896| 2005-06| 27,011| 2006-07| 34,285| 2007-08| 36,612| 2008-09| 38,238| The production of automobiles has greatly increased in the last decade. Automobile Production. Automobile Production Trends (Number of Vehicles)| Category| 2004-05| 2005-06| 2006-07| 2007-08| 2008-09| 2009-10| 2010-11| Passenger Vehicles| 1,209,876| 1,309,300| 1,545,223| 1,777,583| 1,838,593| 2,357,411 | 2,987,296 | Commercial Vehicles| 353,703| 391,083| 519,982| 549,006| 416,870| 567,556 | 752,735 | Three Wheelers| 374,445| 434,423| 556,126| 500,660| 497,020| 619,194 | 799,553 | Two Wheelers| 6,529,829| 7,608,697| 8,466,666| 8,026,681| 8,419,792| 10,512,903 | 13,376,451 | Grand Total| 8,467,853| 9,743,503| 11,087,997| 10,853,930| 11,172,275| 14,057,064 | 17,916,035 | Automobile Sales. Automobile Domestic Sales Trends(Number of Vehicles)| Category| 2004-05| 2005-06| 2006-07| 2007-08| 2008-09| 2009-10| 2010-11| Passenger Vehicles| 1,061,572| 1,143,076| 1,379,979| 1,549,882| 1,552,703| 1,951,333 | 2,520,421 | Commercial Vehicles| 318,430| 351,041| 467,765| 490,494| 384,194| 532,721 | 676,408 | Three Wheelers| 307,862| 359,920| 403,910| 364,781| 349,727| 440,392 | 526,022 | Two Wheelers| 6,209,765| 7,052,391| 7,872,334| 7,249,278| 7,437,619| 9,370,951 | 11,790,305 | Grand Total| 7,897,629| 8,906,428| 10,123,988| 9,654,435| 9,724,243| 12,295,397 | 15,513,156 |. Automobile Exports Automobile Exports Trends(Number of Vehicles)| Category| 2004-05| 2005-06| 2006-07| 2007-08| 2008-09| 2009-10| 2010-11| Passenger Vehicles| 166,402| 175,572| 198,452| 218,401| 335,729| 446,145 | 453,479 | Commercial Vehicles| 29,940| 40,600| 49,537| 58,994| 42,625| 45,009 | 76,297 | Three Wheelers| 66,795| 76,881| 143,896| 141,225| 148,066| 173,214 | 269,967 | Two Wheelers| 366,407| 513,169| 619,644| 819,713| 1,004,174| 1,140,058 | 1,539,590 | Grand Total| 629,544| 806,222| 1,011,529| 1,238,333| 1,530,594| 1,804,426 | 2,339,333 | Supply Chain of Automobile Industry. The supply chain of automotive industry in India is very similar to the supply chain of the automotive industry in Europe and America. The orders of the industry arise from the bottom of the supply chain i. e. , from the consumers and go through the automakers and climbs up until the third tier suppliers. However the products, as channelled in every traditional automotive industry, flow from the top of the supply chain to reach the consumers. Automakers in India are the key to the supply chain and are responsible for the products and innovation in the industry. The description and the role of each of the contributors to the supply chain are discussed below. Third Tier Suppliers: These companies provide basic products like rubber, glass, steel, plastic and aluminium to the second tier suppliers. Second Tier Suppliers: These companies design vehicle systems or bodies for First Tier Suppliers and OEMs( Original Equipment Manufacturers). They work on designs provided by the first tier suppliers or OEMs. They also provide engineering resources for detailed designs. Some of their services may include welding, fabrication, shearing, bending etc. First Tier Suppliers: These companies provide major systems directly to assemblers. These companies have global coverage, in order to follow their customers to various locations around the world. They design and innovate in order to provide â€Å"black-box† solutions for the requirements of their customers. Black-box solutions are solutions created by suppliers using their own technology to meet the performance and interface requirements set by assemblers. First tier suppliers are responsible not only for the assembly of parts into complete units like dashboard, breaks-axel-suspension, seats, or cockpit but also for the management of second-tier suppliers. Automakers/Vehicle Manufacturers/Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs): After researching consumers’ wants and needs, automakers begin designing models which are tailored to consumers’ demands. The design process normally takes five years. These companies have manufacturing units where engines are manufactured and parts supplied by first tier suppliers and second tier suppliers are assembled. Automakers are the key to the supply chain of the automotive industry. Examples of these companies are Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki, Toyota, and Honda. Innovation, design capability and branding are the main focus of these companies. Dealers: Once the vehicles are ready they are shipped to the regional branch and from there, to the authorised dealers of the companies. The dealers then sell the vehicles to the end customers. Parts and Accessory: These companies provide products like tires, windshields, and air bags etc. to automakers and dealers or directly to customers. Service Providers: Some of the services to the customers include servicing of vehicles, repairing parts, or financing of vehicles. Many dealers provide these services but, customers can also choose to go to independent service providers. Indian automotive companies †¢Chinkara Motors: Beachster, Hammer, Roadster 1. 8S, Rockster, Jeepster, Sailster †¢Hindustan Motors: Ambassador †¢ICML: Rhino Rx †¢Mahindra: Major, Xylo, Scorpio, Bolero, Thar, Verito, Genio †¢Premier Automobiles Limited: Sigma, RiO †¢San Motors: Storm Tata Motors: Nano, Indica, Indica Vista, Indigo, Indigo Manza, Indigo CS, Sumo, Venture, Safari, Xenon, Aria. Foreign automotive companies in India Vehicles manufactured or assembled in India †¢BMW India: 3 Series, 5 Series, X1. †¢Fiat India (in collaboration with Tata Motors): Grande Punto, Linea. †¢Ford India: Figo, Ikon, Fiesta, Endeavour. †¢General Motors India †¢Chevrolet: Spark, Beat, Aveo U-VA, Aveo, Optra, Cruze, Tavera. †¢Honda Siel: Jazz, City, Civic, Accord. †¢Hyundai Motor India:Santro, i10, i20, Accent, Verna Transform, Sonata Transform. †¢Land Rover:Freelander 2 †¢Maruti Suzuki: 800, Alto, WagonR, Estilo, A-star, Ritz, Swift, Swift DZire, SX4, Omni, Versa, Eeco, Gypsy. †¢Mercedes-Benz India: C-Class, E-Class. †¢Mitsubishi[80] (in collaboration with Hindustan Motors): Lancer, Lancer Cedia, Pajero †¢Nissan Motor India: Micra. †¢Renault India:Fluence †¢Toyota Kirloskar: Etios, Corolla, Innova. †¢Volkswagen Group Sales India: †¢Audi India: A4, A6, Q5. †¢Skoda Auto India: Fabia, Laura, Superb, Yeti. †¢Volkswagen India: Polo, Vento, Jetta, Passat. Opel was present in India until 2006. As of 2011, Opel only provides spare parts and vehicle servicing to existing Opel vehicle owners. Vehicles brought into India as CBUs †¢Aston Martin: Vantage, Rapide, Virage, DB9, DBS, One-77. †¢Audi: A7, A8, S4, S6, S8, Q7, TT, R8, RS5. †¢Bentley: Arnage, Azure, Brooklands, Continental GT, Continental Flying Spur, Mulsanne. †¢BMW: 5 Series GT, 6 Series, 7 Series, X3, X5, X6, X6 M, M3, M5, M6 and Z4. †¢Bugatti: Veyron. †¢Chevrolet: Captiva. †¢Ferrari: California, 458 Italia, 599 GTB Fiorano, FF. †¢Fiat: 500, Bravo. †¢General Motors: Hummer H2, Hummer H3. †¢Honda: Civic Hybrid, CR-V. †¢Hyundai: Santa Fe. †¢Jaguar: XF, XJ, XK. †¢Koenigsegg: CCX, CCXR, Agera. †¢Lamborghini: Gallardo, Murcielago. †¢Land Rover: Discovery 4, Range Rover, Range Rover Sport. †¢Maserat: Quattroporte, GranTurismo, GranCabrio. †¢Maybach: 57 and 62. †¢Mercedes-Benz: CL-Class, GL-Class, M-Class, R-Class, CLS-Class, S-Class, SL-Class, SLK-Class, Viano, G-Class, SLS. †¢Mitsubishi: Montero, Outlander, Evo X. †¢Nissan: Teana, X-Trail, 370Z, GT-R. †¢Porsche: 997, Boxster, Panamera, Cayman, Cayenne, Carrera GT. †¢Rolls Royce: Ghost, Phantom, Phantom Coupe, Phantom Drophead Coupe. †¢Skoda: Yeti, Superb. †¢Suzuki: Grand Vitara, Kizashi. †¢Toyota: Prius, Camry, Fortuner*, Land Cruiser, Land Cruiser Prado. †¢Volkswagen: Beetle, Tiguan, Touareg, Phaeton. †¢Volvo: S60, S80, XC60, XC90. *Toyota Fortuner is imported as a CKD kit from Toyota Motor Thailand Commercial vehicle manufacturers in India Indian brands †¢Force †¢Hindustan Motors †¢Premier †¢Tata †¢AMW †¢Eicher Motors Joint Venture Brands †¢VE Commercial Vehicles Limited – VE Commercial Vehicles limited – A JV between Volvo Groups & Eicher Motors Limited. †¢Ashok Leyland- originally a JV between Ashok Motors and Leyland Motors, now 51% owned by Hinduja Group †¢Mahindra Navistar – a 51:49 JV between Mahindra Group and Navistar International †¢Swaraj Mazda – originally a JV between Punjab Tractors and Mazda, now 53. 5% owned by Sumitomo Group †¢Kamaz Vectra – A JV between Russia’s KaMAZ and the Vectra Group Foreign brands †¢Volvo †¢Tatra. †¢MAN – as a JV with Force Motors, makes MAN Trucks in India †¢Mercedes-Benz sells luxury buses in India †¢Daimler AG – manufactures BharatBenz, a brand of trucks based on the Fuso and the Mercedes Benz truck platforms, which Daimler AG owns †¢Scania †¢Iveco †¢Hino †¢Isuzu †¢Piaggio †¢Caterpillar Inc. Electric car manufacturers in India †¢Ajanta Group †¢Mahindra †¢Hero Electric †¢REVA †¢Tara International †¢Tata Opel was present in India until 2006. As of 2011, Opel only provides spare parts and vehicle servicing to existing Opel vehicle owners.. *Toyota Fortuner is imported as a CKD kit from Toyota Motor Thailand. Market Characteristics Market Size The Indian Automotive Industry after de-licensing in July 1991 has grown at a spectacular rate on an average of 17% for last few years. The industry has attained a turnover of USD 35. 8 billion, (INR 165,000 crores) and an investment of USD 10. 9 billion. The industry has provided direct and indirect employment to 13. 1 million people. Automobile industry is currently contributing about 5% of the total GDP of India. India’s current GDP is about USD 650 billion and is expected to grow to USD 1,390 billion by 2016. The projected size in 2016 of the Indian automotive industry varies between USD 122 billion and UDS 159 billion including USD 35 billion in exports. This translates into a contribution of 10% to 11% towards India’s GDP by 2016, which is more than double the current contribution. Demand Determinants Determinants of demand for this industry include vehicle prices (which are determined largely by wage, material and equipment costs) and exchange rates, preferences, the running cost of a vehicle (mainly determined by the price of petrol), income, interest rates, scrapping rates, and product innovation. Exchange Rate: Movement in the value of Rupee determines the attractiveness of Indian products overseas and the price of import for domestic consumption. Affordability: Movement in income and interest rates determine the affordability of new motor vehicles. Allowing unrestricted Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) led to increase in competition in the domestic market hence, making better vehicles available at affordable prices. Product Innovation is an important determinant as it allows better models to be available each year and also encourages manufacturing of environmental friendly cars. Demographics: It is evident that high population of India has been one of the major reasons for large size of automobile industry in India. Factors that may be augment demand include rising population and an increasing proportion of young persons in the population that will be more inclined to use and replace cars. Also, increase in people with lesser dependency on traditional single family income structure is likely to add value to vehicle demand. Infrastructure: Longer-term determinants of demand include development in Indian’s infrastructure. India’s banking giant State Bank of India and Australia’s Macquarie Group has launched an infrastructure fund to rise up to USD 3 billion for infrastructure improvements. India needs about $500 billion to repair its infrastructure such as ports, roads, and power units. These investments are been made with an aim to generate long-term cash flow from automobile, power, and telecom industries. Price of Petrol: Movement in oil prices also have an impact on demand for large cars in India. During periods of high fuel cost as experienced in 2007 and first –half of 2008, demand for large cars declined in favour of smaller, more fuel efficient vehicles. The changing patterns in customer preferences for smaller more fuel efficient vehicles led to the launch of Tata Motor’s Nano – one of world’s smallest and cheapest cars. Key Competitors Tata Motors:Market Share: Commercial Vehicles 63. 94%, Passenger Vehicles 16. 45%. Tata Motors Limited is India’s largest automobile company, with consolidated revenues of USD 14 billion in 2008-09. It is the leader in commercial vehicles and among the top three in passenger vehicles. Tata Motors has winning products in the compact, midsize car and utility vehicle segments. The company is the world’s fourth largest truck manufacturer, and the world’s second largest bus manufacturer with over 24,000 employees. Since first rolled out in 1954, Tata Motors as has produced and sold over 4 million vehicles in India. Maruti Suzuki India: Market Share: Passenger Vehicles 46. 07% Maruti Suzuki India Limited, a subsidiary of Suzuki Motor Corporation of Japan, is India’s largest passenger car company, accounting for over 45% of the domestic car market. The company offers a complete range of cars from entry level Maruti-800 and Alto, to stylish hatchback Ritz, A star, Swift, Wagon-R, Estillo and sedans DZire, SX4 and Sports Utility vehicle Grand Vitara. Since inception in 1983, Maruti Suzuki India has produced and sold over 10 million vehicles in India and exported over 500,000 units to Europe and other countries. The company’s revenue for the fiscal 2010-2011 stood over Rs 375,224 million and Profits After Tax at over Rs. 22,886 million. Hyundai Motor India:Market Share: Passenger Vehicles 14. 15% Hyundai Motor India Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of world’s fifth largest automobile company, Hyundai Motor Company, South Korea, and is the largest passenger car exporter. Hyundai Motor presently markets 49 variants of passenger cars across segments. These includes the Santro in the B segment, the i10, the premium hatchback i20 in the B+ segment, the Accent and the Verna in the C segment, the Sonata Transform in the E segment. Mahindra & Mahindra: Market Share: Commercial Vehicles 10. 01%, Passenger Vehicles 6. 50%, Three Wheelers 1. 31% Mahindra & Mahindra is mainly engaged in the Multi Utility Vehicle and Three Wheeler segments directly. The company competes in the Light Commercial Vehicle segment through its joint venture subsidiary Mahindra Navistar Automotives Limited and in the passenger car segment through another joint venture subsidiary Mahindra Renault. In the year 2009, on the domestic sales front, the Company along with its subsidiaries sold a total of 220,213 vehicles (including 44,533 three wheelers, 8,603 Light Commercial Vehicles through Mahindra Navistar Automotives and 13,423 cars through Mahindra Renault), recording a growth of 0. 6% over the previous year. Mahindra & Mahindra is expanding its footprint in the overseas market. In 2009 the Xylo was launched in South Africa. The company formed a new joint venture Mahindra Automotive Australia Pty. Limited, to focus on the Australian Market. Ashok Leyland: Market Share: Commercial Vehicles 16. 47% Against the backdrop of the sharp slump in demand for commercial vehicles, during 2008-09, Ashok Leyland registered sales of 47,118 medium and heavy commercial vehicles (M&HCV), 37. 5% less than in the previous year. This includes 16,049 M&HCV buses and 31,069 M&HCV trucks respectively, 8. 7% and 46. 3% less than in the previous year. Hero Honda Motors: Market Share: Two Wheelers 41. 35% Hero Honda has been the largest two wheeler company in the world for eight consecutive years. The company crossed the 15 million unit milestone over a 25 year span. Hero Honda sold more two wheelers than the second, third and fourth placed two-wheeler companies put together. Bajaj Auto: Market Share: Two Wheelers 26. 70%, Three Wheelers 58. 60% Bajaj Auto is ranked as the world’s fourth largest two and three wheeler manufacturer and the Bajaj brand is well-known across several countries in Latin America, Africa, Middle East, South and South East Asia. Despite falling demand in the motorcycle segment, the company has succeeded in maintaining an operating EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation) margin of 13. 6% of net sales and other operating income. From 1. 66 million motorcycles in 2007-2008, the company’s domestic sales fell by 23% to 1. 28 million units in 2008-2009. Key Success Factors The key to success in the industry is to improve labour productivity, labour flexibility, and capital efficiency. Having quality manpower, infrastructure improvements, and raw material availability also play a major role. Access to latest and most efficient technology and techniques will bring competitive advantage to the major players. Utilising manufacturing plants to optimum level and understanding implications from the government policies are the essentials in the Automotive Industry of India. Effective cost controls – Close relationship with supplies and goods distribution channels. Establishment of export markets – Growth of export markets Having an extensive distribution/collection network – Goods distribution channels Successful industrial relations policy – Ethical and tactical industrial relations Both, Industry and Indian Government are obligated to intervene the Indian Automotive industry. The Indian government should facilitate infrastructure creation, create favourable and predictable business environment, attract investment and promote research and development. The role of Industry will primarily be in designing and manufacturing products of world-class quality establishing cost competitiveness and improving productivity in labour and in capital. With a combined effort, the Indian Automotive industry will emerge as the destination of choice in the world for design and manufacturing of automobiles. Growth Potential: 1. Increasing demand for vehicles: Increase of disposal income ,easily availability of finance,invreasing consumer awareness and close linkage with global automobile trends. 2. Stable economic policies adopted by successive Governments: The Government of India has continuously made several reforms for the groeth of automobile sector in India. It has lowered the excise duties and have relaxed many policies to boost the local demand . Implemeentation of VAThas helped India to position itself as one of the leading low cost manufacturing sources . 3. Availability of low cost skilled manpower: The cost of quality manpower in India is one of the lowest in the world . Each year the huge number of engineering graduates are produced who provide their skill at comprising salaries . 4. Quality standards: Manufactured in India or â€Å"Made in India† brand is rapidly getting associated with quality. The Indian manufacturer have focussed on quality and most of the leading automobile manufacturer are ISO certified Key Challenges Faced by Indian Automobile Industry Indian auto industry is one of the most promising and growing auto industries across the world. But at this juncture the Indian auto industry is facing various challenges catering to the growing domestic market. Recently, SIAM (Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers) organized an Annual Convention in association with the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises to discuss the current scenario of the auto industry as well as to define the key challenges faced by the industry. The meeting focused to pave a way to transform challenges into business opportunities and boost the status of automotive industry in India. Some of the key challenges discussed faced by auto industry are fuel technology and nurturing talented manpower. These challenges are explained below in detail: Fuel Technology: Technology is significant and needed to ignite the growth of auto industry. Whether it’s a two-wheeler or a car, technology drives the growth. The challenge of alternative fuel technology ensures a brighter vision of the auto industry in the country. The increasing environmental pollution has become a concern for manufacturers and all associated with the industry. All of them are struggling hard to come up with a holistic and integrated approach to reduce carbon dioxide emission. Some of the initiatives to reduce the level of automotive emission include introduction of fuel-efficient cars, obligatory periodic maintenance, and inspection of automotives, designing automotives with recyclable materials, use of alternative fuels like CNG, LPG, biodiesel, and introduction of electric and hybrid cars. Car manufacturer like Maruti Suzuki has already introduced the new concept of using recyclable substance for car production in its dazzling car Maruti Suzuki A-Star. After the production of Maruti Suzuki A-Star, the company thrives to apply the same concept in all its future car models. In addition, it is believed that the Bharat IV Emission Norms are stringent and are to become mandatory in the next couple of years. The growing industry is hunting for more advanced ways and measures to meet the stringent norms. Some of the cars and other automotives may even be phased out during that period. Nurturing Talented Manpower: Manpower and human resources has always been a key growth driver in any industry including the automobile industry. Though India has a vast pool of talented and skilled professionals, the country needs initiatives and support to treasure these resources to excel in all arenas of the industries. Automobile industry is no exception and highly skilled manpower will further become the most reliable source of competitive advantage across the global as well as Indian automobile industry. More than even before creativity, innovative ideas, and expertise in different areas have become an asset these days. Talking about cars, car designers infuse their creativity in their designed car models and that’s something which attracts car customers Further to that, the industry has to foster the talent for servicing and maintenance as well.